3D · inertial frame (ECI): orbits stay fixed, Earth turns underneath
speed
km/s
each dot = T/24
area swept in T/24 (always πab/24)
Ground track (Earth-fixed)
past
future
footprint (ε = 10°)
P / A
each dot = T/24
⚠ Perigee below 100 km: orbit intersects Earth/atmosphere